Essay on Feminist Criminology - 3530 Words

Feminist Criminology: How useful is it in its analysis of female crime? MSc Criminology and Forensic Psychology Feminist criminology emerged out of the realisation that criminology has from its inception centred on men and the crimes they commit. Although it can be argued female criminality was researched by Lombroso, as far back as 1800’s, female crime, it’s causes and the impact in which it had on society was largely ignored by the criminological futurity. Those Criminologist who did attempt to research female crime such as Thomas and Pollak were not only very damning of women but were also very condescending, choosing to stereotype them as either Madonna or whore (Feinman). Law abiding women were described as passive,†¦show more content†¦In defence of Liberal Feminism, Waitlake points out that we should not be too quick to write this theory off as Eisenstein writes in her book The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism, it may still have a bright future ahead, However; she state until a Liberal feminist hits the glass ceiling, it is impossible for this perspective to capture the full impact of patriarchal society. Radical Feminist Radford (2001) had this to say in regards to Radical Feminism; â€Å"Radical Feminism offers systematic analysis of the nature of women’s oppression including the way it is sustained through law and criminal justice processes. It is not only to understand male dominance and control of women and but also to end it.† Like Liberal Feminism, Radical Feminism seeks to end partriarchy. However; In contrast to Radical Feminism, focuses more on the issue of men’s oppression of women rather other social conditions. The crux of this perspective is sexuality which is seen as the locus of male power Mackinnon (1989a). Tong (1989) states Radical feminist only have to ask such questions as â€Å"who rapes whom?,† who batters whom, â€Å" for whom does pornography exist, for the ultimate answer to the question to be, men! RadicalShow MoreRelatedDescribe the Basis of Feminist Criminology1013 Words   |  5 PagesThe Basis Of Feminist Criminology Feminist criminology was created out of the realization that criminology from its beginnings focused on the male criminal and the unlawful acts they committed. When in the fact it could be argued female crime was studied as far back as 1800s, female criminal activity, its causes and the effects in which it placed on public opinion were often disregarded. Over the past 20 years, there has been a significantly different approach in how females are being dealt withRead MoreWhat Has Feminism Feminist Criminology?1901 Words   |  8 Pages‘feminism’ contributed to criminology? In this essay it will focus on feminist contribution to criminology. It will cover different aspects such as: early criminology and the female offender, Lombroso and Ferrero’s views, W. I Thomas and Otto Pollak’s views, sociological criminology and the continued invisibility of women, the development of modern feminist criminology as well as the female concept of crime, Carol Smart and feminist criminology, contemporary feminist criminology, understanding women’sRead MoreThe Feminist Perspective Of Criminology Essay2349 Words   |  10 PagesFeminist perspective in criminology is dedicated to examining crime in a way that acknowledges how women experience crime both as offenders and victims. 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Those Criminologist who did attempt to research female crime such as Thomas and Pollak were not only very damning of women but were also very condescendingRead MoreImplications of Feminist Criminology for Criminal Justice523 Words   |  2 PagesImplications of Feminist Criminology for Criminal Justice All feminist theorists share a common focus on gender inequality; however feminism can be described as a set of perspectives rather than a single viewpoint (Strider, N.d.). Therefore, challenging gender biasness in the criminal justice system from the feminist perspective can take many forms given the fact that there a lot of sources of gender inequality in the system. For example, the early theories of criminal behavior largely ignored genderRead MoreRape And The Connection Of Feminist Criminology And Labelling Theory Essay2207 Words   |  9 PagesThe term rape is defined as an ‘unlawful sexual intercourse by force, and without legal or factual consent’ by Gennaro Vito, Jeffrey Maahs and Ronald Holmes (2006) in ‘Criminology: Theory, Research and Policy’ (Vito, Maahs, and Holmes, 2006: p. 280). Rape can be in the form of the penis penetrating the vagina, oral, anal and an assault using a foreign object. However, there have been many controversies of what i s rape and the use of force that is required. Several researchers, practitioners, legalRead MoreCriminology : A Strange Beast1582 Words   |  7 PagesCriminology is a discipline that has a variety of other disciplines which seek to construct and theorise explanations and possibilities as to why crime occurs in particular places, ways and too and by certain people. Due to differing field areas interlinking Newburn (2013: 6) described criminology as ‘a strange beast’ by coherently joining conflicting disciplines to try and theorise crime. Walklate (2011) suggested the other disciplines are not only a wide variety but are also highly thought provokingRead MoreCrime And Social Control Theory Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesMainstream Criminology in the way that labeling theory does not account for certain crimes that have been considered bad in and of themselves and the latter does not account for female offending (Hagan, 2016). Feminist criminology attempts to address the bias in criminal analyses (Hagan, 2016); In chapter 3 of the course’s text, Hagan addresses the fact that â€Å"most criminological theories portray an androcentric bias† meaning that they are male-based (Hagan. (2016). Introduction to Criminology (9th Edition)Read MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Criminology and Sociology: Criminology is concerned with examining the complex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. To do this criminology primarily aims to achieve answers as to why crime occurs; who is committing said crimes and how society as a whole will respond to crime with regards to policy changes and its place in the media (Australian Institute of Criminology: 2015). Sociology is the scientific study of human social interactions in a societal contextRead MoreThe Major Theories Of Criminal Behavior And The Impact Of Crime On Victims And Society1580 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual and societal level, followed by conclusion based on the previous discussion. 2. Discussion on the Major Theories of Criminal Behaviour Macro-level or societal theories include Marxist conflict theory, Robert Merton’s strain theory, and Feminist theory (Howitt, 2012). According to Howitt (2012), Marxist conflict theory contains that societies have emerged from states of conflicts between competing groups in societies over institutionalised powers and material resources. Consequently, the

Networking sites boon to the youth Free Essays

Face book is social networking site from which we can get a plenty of knowledge. We can say that it s a treasure of knowledge. One can get a plenty ot information from it. We will write a custom essay sample on Networking sites boon to the youth or any similar topic only for you Order Now One can enhance his or her knowledge by coming in contact with Intellectual around the world. One can clear the doubts and queries about any subject from the scholars that are available on the Social networking sites. He can get the best tips for any subject from the people who re present around the world. Some social networking sites are also useful in the job opportunities. One can easily get the job of their requirement. Social networking is particularly vital for entrepreneurs. Selfemployed can find contacts via professional groups on LinkedIn and Twitter. while business owners can use Face book and Twitter to market their products and services. Face book has a range of services designed for businesses marketing themselves more effectively, Social networking sites are the best means of entertainment, We can also watch videos of our interest n social networking sites. Social networking sites are the best means to propagate our religion and culture. We can share our views on our religion. We can get the knowledge from religious scholars present around the world, We can also make people aware Of environmental issues that are happening around the world which iS very important in todays life and We can protect Our environment by increasing awareness among the people. At last would like to say that social Sites are a boon to the young generations and can add morals to their life if used in a proper manner _ How to cite Networking sites boon to the youth, Papers

What important themes arise in the Opening scene Of A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example For Students

What important themes arise in the Opening scene Of A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay A Midsummer Nights Dream is one of Shakespeares many masterpieces. All of Shakespeares plays have similar themes such as love, discord and harmony, age and youth, mythology, magic and the natural world. An introduction to the major themes of the play can be recognised in the opening scene and it is these themes that make the play interesting for both the actor and the audience. Most of Shakespeares plays are, in one way or another, concerned with love and the problems associated with it. There are many different aspects of love: Unrequited, romantic, destructive and possessive are examples of these. Love is certainly an emotion, but the play suggests that the emotion should be balanced by reason or it could lead to lack of self-respect and loathing, therefore destructive love. Theseus and Hippolyta have a sense of mature love, although passionate it is a bond between sensible, mature adults. Theseus sees himself as somewhat of a romantic and a passionate man, which is illustrated by his impatience for his wedding with Hippolyta. The list of his previous lovers also clearly shows this side of his character. His passionate side can be seen when he says: She lingers my desires. We will write a custom essay on What important themes arise in the Opening scene Of A Midsummer Nights Dream specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is demonstrating his lust for Hippolyta. There is also a sense of conquest and possession over Hippolyta illustrated by when Theseus declares: I wooed thee with my sword, / And won thy love doing thee injuries Compared to Theseus, Hippolyta represents a more mature form of love than the impulsive, youthful romanticism of the four lovers, however she is more reconciled to waiting for the wedding day then Theseus is. Another type of love is possessive love and the character that portrays this the most is Egeus, father of Hermia. Egeus is very narrow-minded and has an authoritarian view of his position as a father, and he expects, like many fathers of the time, complete obedience from his daughter. Egeus neither respects nor admires Lysander and he wishes for Hermia to marry Demetrius. There are two quotes in the opening scene that clearly shows this: I beg the ancient privilege of Athens, / As she is mine, I may dispose of her. And she is mine, and all my right of her. The four lovers represent a more romantic, volatile and passionate side of love to that we see in Theseus and Hippolyta. Certain characteristics are shared between the four; the girls being both romantic and the men are both the victims of an illusion of love and they both speak in a similarly romantic way. Love is powerful according to Helena, and she thinks it can transpose the grotesque into the beautiful: Things base and vile, holding no quantity, / Love can transpose to form and dignity. The power that love has can also be seen from Helena in her rhyming couplet, where Helena is blinded by love because love has an imaginative quality where the eyes are the cold clear reason: Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind, / And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. In the opening scene there are many references to Cupid, meaning desire in Latin. Cupid in Roman mythology was the son of Venus, goddess of love. His counterpart in Greek mythology was Eros, god of love. The relationship between the first scene and Cupid is that it is telling the audience that love is to be expected during the course of the play. Unrequited love is another form of love that plays a part in the first scene. Helena experiences this the most with her responses from Demetrius; she realises that the love she feels for him cannot be returned and this is illustrated in the stichomythia between Hermia and Helena: The more I love the more he hateth me .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 , .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .postImageUrl , .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 , .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:hover , .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:visited , .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:active { border:0!important; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:active , .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84 .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u04d45ac8c9c2be44cf46ce255678db84:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet coursework EssayThis type of love can lead to low self-esteem and self-respect. Another theme connected to the opening scene of the play is law and order. Theseus is a symbol of both age and order, however his status as the upholder of law puts him into a difficult position. While he is prepared to spare Hermia from death he is not prepared to set aside her fathers rights. In the play Theseus is presented as a good example of a good sixteenth century ruler because he is strong, heroic and aware of his responsibility for maintaining good order and upholding the law; he is also thoughtful when making decisions. He needed to be authoritative when explaining the consequences of not marrying Demetrius to Hermia and we can see this through the following quotations: Either to die the death or to abjure. Or else to wed Demetrius, as he would, Or on Dianas alter to protest For aye austerity and single life. Theseus also uses the law as a threat towards Hermia, again showing his authority. Or else the law of Athens yields you up. Hermia and Lysander arrange to meet in the woods. In the opening chapter the woods are seen as a place of escape, away from the Athenian laws that prevent the couple from being together. This can be illustrated by the quotation: And to that place the sharp Athenian law / Cannot pursue us The woods theme is developed further in later chapters becoming more important as the play progresses. All the themes in A Midsummer Nights dream develop, becoming more complicated, more obvious or more meaningful. The major theme of the play is love and the emotions that you get from love. Love is very powerful due to that you cannot help whom you love, but when it is unrequited it can lead to destructive love and loathing. The first chapter introduces us to some of the main themes of the play and it is these themes that make the play interesting for both the actor and the audience.

Mohandas Gandhi Essays - Ascetics, Gujarati People, Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Gandhi ? Born into a merchant family in 1869, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was under the influence of powerful people. Members of his family had served as prime ministers of an Indian state for several generations. His parents were strong in their religion, being devout and earnest Hindus. They were a part of a Hindu sect that worshipped Vishnu and promoted non-violence. ? Apparently, he was most influenced by his mother, a gentle and intelligent person. According to Hindu custom, he married at an early age and grew to love his wife greatly. Together, they had four children and adopted a fourth. ? Later, in 1888, he travelled to England to become a barrister-at-law. There were several important influences that he encountered here: the Western material style of life, which he decided not to follow, and in the simple Russian way of living he found: the New Testament, and the Bhagavadgita, the bible of the Hare Krishna movement. It was here that he developed a sense of the presence of God in his life and the lives of men. ? Gandhi then returned to India and studied law in Bombay, but he quickly denounced it, feeling that it was immoral and could not satisfy one's conscience. Despite this, he used his schooling to help plead for Indian settlers in South Africa that were being oppressed by the white population. His personal experiences, including being ejected from a train in Maritzburg, of not being allowed the same rights as others lead him to begin a movement to help his people. ? While in South Africa, Gandhi made himself poor so that he could identify with his the peasants. He then proceeded to start a colony that consisted of abused labourers. The colony became very large and many cities were crippled by the lack of labourers. The government reacted to this by jailing Gandhi several times along with many other of his followers. The war he fought was one without weapons, already Gandhi was on his way to starting his career of non-violent campaigns. ? The main idea behind Gandhi's teachings was non-violence. The words of the Sanskrit language: ahinsa and sayagraha clearly express Gandhi's beliefs. The former means non-killing, non-destructive and the latter means the force of universal truth. He believed that the killing of man or beast is an unforgivable sin. Many who promoted these teachings of Gandhi simply believed that it was their only option for resisting imperialism rather than having a moral conviction towards his teachings. He taught that the weapon that could be used was the conscience of the aggressor. This ahimsa is, to some degree, in the tradition of Hinduism. ? Hinduism teaches to stay away from temptation through various exercises that test one's ability to perform a difficult task, this devitalizes a person and causes him to act on a non-violent level. ? In addition, he taught that one should act rather be held under subservience. Gandhi himself once stated, "Mere knowledge of right and wrong will not make one fit for salvation...the Gita says: 'No one has attained his goal without action...' From this quotation, we learn that his teachings are influenced by the Bhagavadgita and that he believes that one must act to reach a goal. But, he believed that one should denounce the rewards and simply devote one's life to acting on the behalf of others and that life should be lived near the soil, away from the influence of machines. ? Also, Gandhi strongly believed in upholding the caste system, believing that a person of one caste should stay a part of that caste. He also upheld the old Hindu tradition of segregation of castes, indicating that, "Interdining and intermarraige have never been a bar to disunion, quarrels or worse." According to Hinduism, the caste system lies in respect for one another's individuality. ? Gandhi is well known for his efforts in fighting imperliasm in India and South Africa. His methods were, unique in that they did not involve the use of weapons. ? During the South African War of 1899-1902 and during the Zulu rebellion in 1906, Gandhi organised an ambulance corps consisting of Indians to help the British fight. He believed that duty dictated that the Indian population had a responsibity to help the British when they were in a time of need. Perhaps he was trying to show them that the Indians put an effort into helping the British forces just like everyone else and deserved the same rights as everyone else. ? It is interesting to note that Gandhi did not promote fighting, but he helped those who were in need of assistance. ? After the law was passed that

A key Concept In Information systems Essays

A key Concept In Information systems Essays A key Concept In Information systems Essay A key Concept In Information systems Essay Week 10 Term Paper Submission If you are using the Blackboard Mobile Learn IOS App, please click View in Browser. Term Paper: A Key Concept in Information Systems Due Week 10 and worth 200 points Choose one (1) concept in information systems that you have studied in this course. Write a 6-7 page paper in which you: Present an overview of the origin and history of the concept. Describe the current use of and attitude toward the concept. Explain the strengths and weaknesses (or the advantages and disadvantages) of the concept. Describe the prevailing view of xperts about the likely future of the concept. Research and cite at least six (6) scholarly sources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the students name, the professors name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not ncluded in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Explain the major components of an information systems infrastructure. Identify emerging technologies that enable new forms of communication, collaboration, and partnering. Explain how information systems are enabling new forms of commerce between individuals, organizations, and governments. Use technology and information resources to research issues in information management. Write clearly and concisely about information management systems using proper writing mechanics.

The best ways to cut down time-to-hire [INFOGRAPHIC]

The best ways to cut down time-to-hire [INFOGRAPHIC] Advancements in technology have transformed recruitment in many ways. Now, you can easily leverage technology and tools to decrease your time-to-hire.However, there are still some companies that take a lot of time to identify and hire the right candidates. Many recruiters struggle to find top talent who are a good fit for their open job positions.Studies have found that only around 30% of companies are able to fill their open jobs within 30 days. The rest take up to four months to close their positions.Most candidates prefer companies that have a quick and efficient hiring process. You might be surprised to learn that 57% of job seekers lose interest in a company if they have a lengthy hiring process.If you don’t want to lose top talent, take a look at the following strategies. They can help you decrease your time-to-hire and close positions quickly.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});Recruit via social mediaRecruiters can use social media platf orms like Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter to source quality candidates. These platforms can help you identify, approach, and recruit top quality candidates for your company in less time.You can run recruitment ads on your social media accounts to attract people who might be interested in your job openings. This method can help garner quite a few responses to your ads in a short time.Interview candidates remotelyRecruiters can speed up their time-to-hire by organizing online interviews through video calling platforms like Skype. It can help you save time as you don’t need to visit other cities to recruit people or ask them to visit you.You can also record your conversations for further screening. This will enable you to review your candidates’ qualifications as well as soft skills. You can select candidates who are a good fit for your open jobs.Leveraging technology can help you cut down your time-to-hire to a great extent. The following infographic can help you learn s ome more strategies to help you hire quickly.Image courtesy: CandidateRewardsAbout  the  author:Alex Miles is a PR specialist for Candidate Rewards TotalRewards Software which is a unique candidate experience software that enables companies to communicate the true value of their offer to candidates. She helps brands reach wider audiences and build good reputations with well-nurtured, cooperative relationships.Social accounts:LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube

Managing interpersonal behaviour at work 2 Essay

Managing interpersonal behaviour at work 2 - Essay Example Thus, the workplace is not a stable box but a dynamic environment where relationships and interactions enliven it with changes that shift even by the next moment. An effective manager must be one fully equipped with all the tools and experience to manage an environment. He/she should be flexible, respectful to subordinates and decisive in his/her action (What does it mean, 2008). The manager should know the principles of business management and principles of psychology applicable in the business sector. Effective management includes understanding the culture of the organization, the workers, their ethnicity and background, diversity management, interpersonal communication and interaction, human behaviour, etc. The field of psychology has become a relevant discipline in organisational management that universities and colleges at present offer it as course for managers and leaders in an organisation. Psychology is relevant in any organisation that it is utilised even from the start of the screening and hiring process with written test given to applicants based on psychological principles. Focusing on individuality, Gilbreth (2008) posits three types of management – traditional management, transitory management and scientific management. Traditional management almost neglects the concept of personality. It focuses on the mind and body that includes satisfactory food and sleeping quarters, not forcing workers to overwork, amusement for workers and related concerns. It focuses on the group or class or workers rather than the individual (Gilbreth, 2008). The manager may even take pride of treating everyone equally (Gilbreth, 2008). Transitory management gives focus on â€Å"the physical and mental welfare . . . more systematically† (Gilbreth, 2008, p. 47). Individuality of the worker is given more importance (Gilbreth, 2008). Scientific management gives emphasis on the body and mind of the worker and his

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues Research Paper

Solutions regarding Google Glass privacy issues - Research Paper Example g Privacy Issues in the Context of Google Glass† draws on his over 10-year experience studying privacy and mobile computing to examine the negative sentiments that have afflicted Google Glass. He looks at the issue from the perspective of lessons learned about privacy from the ubiquitous computing project in the 1990s, as well as current expectations of privacy change. Yesenia Duran in â€Å"Google Glass Finds Its Way into Law Enforcement† discusses the use of Google Glass by law enforcement and government agencies to increase situational awareness. Ribeiro Furlan in â€Å"Google Glass† discusses the risks posed to users of Google Glass with regards to hacking, which can make private information available to unauthorized people. Finally, Schreiber discusses the considerable challenges that Google Glass portends on existing privacy laws and paradigms, examining implications and solutions. From these articles, a question arises: What are the solutions to Google Glas s’ privacy issues? This paper will argue that Google Glass should seek to improve security by ensuring recording can only occur with the knowledge of people around the wearer, as well as ensuring that information collected through the device is secure from unauthorized access. â€Å"Google Glass displays information in a smartphone-like hands-free format that can interact with the Internet via natural language voice commands† (Duran 18). However, because of this, Google Glass wearable computers pose pertinent privacy questions that need to be addressed before Google can make them available on the market. To begin with, Google Glass threatens those not using it as they are always under surveillance. Most of these people will react to people wearing Google Glass as if they are recording them, even when they are not. In turn, this will threaten their ability to hold anonymous, candid, or private social interactions, increasing the likelihood of social venues banning its use. In addition, although the Google

Classifying Humans into Absolute Categories Essay Example for Free

Classifying Humans into Absolute Categories Essay There are three basic ways in which people have tried to classify people to real biological differences, instead of cultural differences, in the past. The first is the ‘typological model’. This model classifies people into geographical groups, on selected common characters. The second model is the ‘populational model, which classifies people on the basis of exclusive mating with each other, over a long period of time. The last model is the ‘clinical model’. This model looks at the inherited characteristics of a group, which change over time and is different from the changes in other geographic areas; the distribution of these characteristics (Ellison Goodman). All three models fail to do the job. The typological model is erroneous because of the fact that some racial characteristics are found in different groups. The populational model fails because of the fact that people do not limit their breeding to small areas. The clinical model is undermined by the fact that some human groups migrate and the therefore discontinuity of the typical characteristic, and by the fact that there are not so many small communities left on the world anymore. Scientists now agree on this, they understand that classifying humans, based on any specific model, would be arbitrary. Scientists now just use the classifications as a tool to organize the data. The number of racial groups that are ‘discovered’ depend on the number of characteristics researched. Therefore, all research methods are relative, and the classifications change when the sets of characteristics (or the research topic) change. Biological anthropology describes the nature of human variations through focusing on the biological aspects. This researches the human as biological organism, the behaviour of primates and the human evolution. The most important research is done through research of the genetic patterns and the connections between different populations over the whole world. Anthropologists can also compare historic gene material with modern ones. All these techniques might contribute to a definitive evidence of our origin and the way people populated the earth. References Ellison,G. A. H. Goodman. The Nature of Differences. Science, Society and Human Biology. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, 2006.

If Time Could Be Saved In A [in a] Bottle :: Essays Papers

If Time Could Be Saved In A [in a] Bottle [Nice title -- I wish more students put more thought into their titles.] 1 Anyone who has much exposure to the geriatric population knows that some elderly people are very content with their lives. Even though their bodies may not possess the same physical capabilities that they did in youth, they are surrounded by an aura of contentment that almost make one envious of the inner peace reaped as compensation for a life lived to its fullest capacity. [SV Agr - 1] Given another chance at youth, they would not change the path their lives have taken. [The first two paragraphs could have been combined into one.] 2 There arc others who are bitter with the game that mother nature has played with them. They feel they have not been dealt a fair hand by fate and this is reflected in their manner both physically and spiritually. This is an accurate portrayal of the four friends in the short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne entitled "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment." [Titles] As the theme of this story reveals, given a second chance at life, is it possible for a person to change their behavior. [The theme of a work should probably not be stated as a question, i.e., either the work suggests that people can change their behavior, or that they cannot. This essay, for example, goes on to suggest that they cannot (or at least that they do not).] 3 Each of the four friends had chosen a lifestyle in which they had temporarily basked in the glow of prosperity, only to lose everything that represents success and respect as a result of their behavior. The description of Dr Heidegger's study -- dim, old fashioned, covered with cobwebs and dust -- parallels the physical description provided by the narrator of the four friends that have gathered for the experiment. The strength of their bodies has faded and left them withered and wrinkled shells of their former selves. The dark, dank atmosphere of the study reflects their melancholy personalities. They are characterized as gray, decrepit, sapless, miserable creatures. Although the the four friends had the opportunity in life to create their own pleasant memories to recall, each of them chose a path in life that left them with no fond recollections.

Genetic Engineering Is Beneficial to Mankind

GENETIC ENGINEERING IS BENEFICIAL TO MANKIND We, Homo sapiens (and every other organism on the planet), become what we are on the basis of the genes we inherit from our parents at the time of our birth. Whether you are tall, short, dark, dusky or fair, have great hair, good health – everything depends on these genes. Earlier these genes were believed to be ‘tamper proof' and they could not be manipulated. But the human brain and contemporary science does not deem anything as impossible. Thus, we came up with a concept called genetic engineering.Genetic engineering refers to the process of directly tackling an organism's genes. Molecular cloning and transformation is used in genetic engineering for changing the structure and nature of genes. This technology has brought about a sea change in farming and in human genetics. GE in Human itself The first and one of the most prominent genetic engineering pros is that genetic disorders can be prevented by identifying those genes which cause these diseases in people. The use of genetic engineering to prevent diseases is called gene therapy.This can be extremely advantageous especially when women screen their unborn babies for genetic defects. If there is a chance that the baby can have genetic defects, it can prepare the mother and the doctors before and after the baby delivered. In advanced cases, those problem genes can be corrected. In addition to that, infectious diseases can be controlled and effectively dealt with by implanting genes which code for the antiviral proteins particular to each antigen. Humans can be developed or formed to reflect desirable characteristics.It is being said, theoretically though that this process can drastically change human genomes. This would facilitate in helping people regrow their limbs and other organs. In addition to this, people can be made stronger, faster and smarter, by using genetic engineering in the future. In other cases, if a gene exists in nature which can be good for human beings, it can be ingested in human cells. Soon a possibility of human cloning with the help of human genetics cannot be ruled out. GE in animalsPlants and animals can be genetically engineered to make products useful for us. The great example of this is diary animals. Sheep, goats and cows produce a lot of milk. Biologists found that the expression of genes for the major milk proteins is under the control of a promoter. This promoter is a sequence of DNA that causes the adjacent genes to be expressed in the mammary gland. It is called the lactoglobulin promoter. This sets up a really nice opportunity for using genetic engineering.You could take the gene you want expressed in milk and put it into a DNA vector. Then you put this vector into a sheep egg cell. If you do this, the egg can then be developed in the laboratory for a couple of days until it becomes an embryo. You can insert the embryo into a mother and the offspring that are born are sheep that would make milk which contains this extra protein. This was actually behind the reason for cloning Dolly the sheep. GE in Plants Plants can be genetically engineered to make useful products.Genetically engineering a plant is a lot easier than animals. We don’t need to inject into the fertilized egg of a plant. We can take any plant cell grown in a laboratory, put the vector in, and then grow the plant up from that cell. In agriculture, too start off with different crops, genetic engineering can culminate in alteration of the DNA structure of the original crop. This will increase the growth rate of the plant along with its immunity, and resistance towards diseases caused by pathogens and parasites.These factors in turn will be amongst the most important benefits of genetic engineering when it comes to crops. These genetically modified foods could increase the food resources to satisfy everyone's hunger. This would be done by genetically modified crops for better productivity. These crops could be genetically modified to resist pests, fight bacterial and fungal infections or have great nutritional value. These are just a few benefits of genetic engineering. I’m sure more are coming in the future, as we discover more and more about genes and proteins.

You are ugly, too Analysis

Zoe seemed to be unsure about everything, including herself. She bought furniture then returned them because they didn't look like what her had expected. She doubt whether the Chinese symbols on the rug really meant Peace and Eternal Life as the salesgirl said. And she eventually returned the rug. She was not quite sure about herself as well. She worried that the woman she saw everyday was not herself: â€Å"Sometimes I looked puffer and plainer than she remembered. † Each time she was told that she looked like other people, she doubt more about her looking.Just by listing her actions and thoughts, the author successfully described Zoe as a cynical and possibly depressed character. Page 446, when she flew to NYC: Zoe revealed her trick to flying safe: never buying a discount ticket and telling yourself you have nothing to live for anyway. And even if the flight was safe, she suggested coming up with a persuasive reason to go on living. It sounded like Zoe always prepared herse lf for anything bad happens, like she really â€Å"had nothing to live for†. Zoe Conversation with Earl: In this story, the author Lorries Moore emphasized sexual relationships between an and woman.The conversation was impressed by how Zoe replied to Earl's talking. Earl tried really hard to talk about love and relationships, but eventually got beaten by Zoo's sarcastic replying. He said: â€Å"You know, I Just shouldn't try to go out with career women. You're all stricken. A guy can really tell what life has done to you. I do better with women who have part-time Jobs. † Zoo's past experience with three unrewarding relationships made her become alienated and desperate. Her situation Is a common for professional women at that time.

The eNotes Blog Happy Birthday to the NationalArchives

Happy Birthday to the NationalArchives The National Archives houses our nations most important records   including [a]ll archives or records of the U.S. Government, legislative, executive, or judicial documents as well as motion-picture films and sound recordings illustrative of historical activities of the United States. If you had to guess how old such an important administration would be, what would you say? 200 years? More? Nope.   On June 19th of this year, the institution turned just seventy-nine years old. Proving that government has long moved at the speed of a handicapped slug, it took until the early twentieth century for legislators to think, Hmmmm. perhaps we need an official location for our treasured, important documents, and establish the National Archives. A historian named J. Franklin Jameson took up the cause of promoting such a facility in 1908. Eighteen years later, in 1926, he finally raised enough money to fund construction of the National Archives.   And then it took another eight years for legislation to come to Capitol Hill (by which time the building was already under construction). President Herbert Hoover laid the cornerstone in 1933, just a couple weeks before   Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office. And then things stalled again. FDR was perhaps understandably distracted by the enormous problems of the Great Depression. He waited another three months to enact legislation naming an archivist. The job finally went to a professor of history from North Carolina,  R.D.W. Connor, at a salary of $10,000 per year. What sort of historically important documents are housed at the National Archives? The Declaration of Independence The Articles of Confederation The Constitution The Bill of Rights The Louisiana Purchase The Emancipation Proclamation Just to name a few. You can few the entire list and see image of the documents at the National Archives Home Page here. (Source)

An Exploration of Matrilineal Art in In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens

An Exploration of Matrilineal Art in In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens In the essay â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens,† Alice Walker presents a moving portrait of matrilineal art and creativity extending throughout black history. Following this line, Walker illustrates generations upon generations of lost artists, mothers and grandmothers â€Å"driven to a numb and bleeding madness by the springs of creativity in them for which there was no release† (232). Among her imagined foremothers, Walker conjures the nameless ghosts of unrecognized genius and talent: stifled painters, thinkers, and sculptors emerge as black incarnations in the tradition of Virginia Woolf’s Judith Shakespeare. Walker traces this lineage, suggesting that even when systemically repressed and silenced, this creative spirit has survived, if only to be passed down in the hope of finding expression in the next generation of black women. In her exploration of Walker’s fascination with matrilineal inheritance, Dianne Sadoff notes a certain disparity between Walker’s veneration of her foremothers in certain texts and her anxieties about motherhood in others. Proposing a revision of Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s theory of the â€Å"anxiety of influence† unique to female authors—itself a revision of Harold Bloom’s model of literary influence—Sadoff suggests that although Walker’s conception of matrilineage appears â€Å"not at all melancholy or anxiety laden,† her fixation on the subject â€Å"masks an underlying anxiety that emerges, although disguised, in Walker’s fiction† (7). Indeed, for all Walker’s veneration of mothers—both biological and otherwise—the sacred state of motherhood receives a notably different treatment in Meridian. Walker’s second novel sees motherhood both implicitly and explicitly aligned with necessary and inevitable death. Complete with a cast of corpses both literal and metaphorical, mothers dying both real and symbolic deaths, Meridian presents an unmistakable association between womanhood and death, underscoring a dominant patriarchal narrative in which female martyrdom is privileged at best, and demanded at worst. Silenced by a patriarchal order reflected in a Lancanian conception of paternal structures of meaning, these mothers see their voices stifled and suffocated in their offspring, rather than renewed in the promise of a new generation as illustrated in â€Å"In Search of our Mothers’ Gardens.† Out of this cast of corpses, Meridian’s titular character emerges to break the cycle of silence and martyrdom by refusing motherhood—the most privileged form of female sacrifice. In refusing to accept suffering or to privilege the sacrificial rite of motherhood, Meridian issues a challenge to the patriarchal order, one that parallels a similar rejection of the martyrdom associated with the novel’s conception of collectivist activism. In Meridian, dominant narratives surrounding both womanhood and political collectivism encourage and privilege suffering and sacrifice for an allegedly noble cause. Both as a woman and an activist, Meridian maintains her individuality at all costs, refusing to conform to any collectivist demands that insist she sacrifice her identity or independence. In refusing to conform to these patriarchal standards and rejecting martyrdom, Meridian escapes the narrative of sacrifice that plagues her fellow activists. As Lynn Pifer outlines, Meri dian’s eventual reconciliation of political activism with her need for individualism parallels her gradual reclamation of voice. At the end of the text, Meridian—who spends much of the novel refusing to participate in authorized discourse—at last â€Å"finds her voice and moves beyond her method of strategic silences† (Pifer 88). Meridian’s rejection of motherhood issues a challenge to the patriarchal narrative of suffering, while simultaneously breaking the Lacanian cycle of silence. In rejecting motherhood and martyrdom, Meridian gains the freedom to accept and use language outside the parameters of authorized patriarchal discourse. As noted, motherhood in Meridian is enacted primarily by a cast of dead women. Among the ensemble are literal corpses, along with departed women whose deaths have lived on in folklore, and even still-living women who have suffered metaphorical deaths. To this body count, I offer for comparison the addition of another famous literary corpse mother: Addie Bundren in William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying. At various points throughout Meridian, the decidedly postmodern novel invites comparison to its modernist predecessors, specifically in its occasional evocation of a distinctly southern gothic grotesque. This Faulknerian imagery is perhaps most evident in the novel’s bizarre opening scene, featuring none other than the novel’s first maternal corpse: the body of the slain Marilene O’Shay repurposed as a carnival attraction. This influence resurfaces later in the novel, with the description of Meridian’s mother bearing prominent similarities to Faulknerâ₠¬â„¢s Addie Bundren. Presenting Faulkner’s Addie as parallel to Walker’s Mrs. Hill, an analysis of the Lacanian significance of Addie’s rejection of language illuminates a similar treatment of language and motherhood at work in Meridian. First, however, it may be helpful to examine the corpse mothers of Meridian exclusively. The novel’s first corpse, the grotesque Marilene O’Shay, functions as a literal embodiment of the dominant female narrative against which Meridian pushes. Pointing to the the three epithets painted on O’Shay’s carnival trailer: â€Å"Obedient Daughter, Devoted Wife, and Adoring Mother (Gone Wrong),† Pifer illustrates the ways in which the corpse â€Å"sums up the narrow possibilities for women in a patriarchal society,† (80). Significantly for Meridian, whose reluctance to submerge or obscure her identity drives much of the conflict in the story, these â€Å"possibilities† all necessarily compromise a woman’s individuality, redefining her identity in terms of her relationships within the patriarchal order. While Marilene’s violent death at the hands of her husband speaks to a recurring motif of sexual violence against women throughout the novel, perhaps of even greater significance is her ability to fall back into her husband’s favor in death. Despite the allegedly universal acknowledgement among authorities and family members alike that O’Shay’s actions against his wife are justified, â€Å"Cause this bitch was doing him wrong,† the wronged husband softens considerably toward his wife in death (Walker 7). When her body resurfaces years later, according to the local legend, â€Å"He’d done forgiven her by then, and felt like he wouldn’t mind having her with him again,† (8). In death, Marilene O’Shay is the embodiment of ideal womanhood: sacrificed, silent, and, as Pifer notes, â€Å"utterly possessed† (81). In her petrified and powerless state, Marilene ascends to such a high rank of patriarchal womanhood that her va lue is literally quantifiable. Deciding his wife’s body could be â€Å"a way to make a little spare change in his ol’ age,† Henry O’Shay effectively commodifies his wife (Walker 8). Marilene’s successors, the novel’s other female corpses, all follow in her footsteps as â€Å"mothers gone wrong,† in some capacity or other. Meridian highlights a narrative in which womanhood is almost synonymous with motherhood, depicting a series of women who simultaneously meet their demise and maximize their societal value as martyrs through motherhood. The Wild Child is the next victim of womanhood to surface in the novel. â€Å"Running heavily across a street, her stomach the largest part of her,† The Wild Child dies largely a victim of her pregnancy (Walker 25). While in life, The Wild Child is rejected by all but Meridian, in death her value increases, not unlike that of Marilene O’Shay. When The Wild Child dies, the same Saxon classmates who previously begged their house mother to have Meridian’s young ward removed from the honor’s house find new appeal in the slain girl, showing up to her funeral in large numbers and prompti ng to Meridian to drily remark, â€Å"I would never have guessed Wile Chile had so many friends† (28). In life, The Wild Child is at best an inconvenience, at worst an abomination. In death, she suddenly becomes an attractive symbol of martyrdom, one the students repurpose for their own misguided and ultimately self-destructive demonstration. Fast Mary is another figure of Saxon folklore whose tragic death, romanticized by the students, renders her a sacred martyr of The Movement. In a particularly gory instance of â€Å"motherhood gone wrong,† Fast Mary is forced to hide a pregnancy from the Saxon administration before dismembering the child and attempting to dispose of it. After getting caught, Mary hangs herself in solitary confinement. Like The Wild Child, Fast Mary owes her popularity to her tragic death, in which she is immortalized as another symbol of martyrdom for the would-be Saxon revolutionaries. As Pifer notes, the students â€Å"relish the story of a girl forced to go to terrible lengths to maintain the college’s demands,† (82). In fetishizing Fast Mary as a tragic and heroic icon, Saxon’s aspiring activists unwittingly fall into the patriarchal narrative themselves by equating Fast Mary’s worth with her suffering. While the deaths of Marilene O’Shay, The Wild Child, and Fast Mary are literal, other living women in the novel suffer symbolic or metaphorical death. As Pifer summarizes, â€Å"Perfect women in this community, as Meridian well knows, are perfectly mindless, nicely dressed, walking corpses† (84). Most notable among these walking corpses is Meridian’s own mother, who compares motherhood to â€Å"being buried alive† (Walker 42). Not unlike the young Saxon women canonizing Fast Mary’s tragedy within their community folklore, Meridian’s mother finds herself trapped in a patriarchal narrative that praises motherly suffering and sacrifice. Although she disdains the shabby outward appearance of other mothers, Mrs. Hill cannot help but imagine in these women â€Å"a mysterious inner life, secret from her, that made them willing, even happy, to endure† (41). Meridian’s mother is so seduced by the glorified image of maternal suffering tha t she decides to join their ranks herself, only to realize that â€Å"the mysterious inner life she had imagined was simply a full knowledge of the fact that they were dead, living just enough for their children† (42). Despite her disappointment, Meridian’s mother completes the patriarchal narrative by ultimately coming to take pride in her suffering and sacrifice, proudly proclaiming that she has six children, â€Å"Though I never wanted to have any,† (Walker 88). Sadoff presents a similar analysis of Mrs. Hill, further contextualizing her inevitable demise from independent woman to walking corpse within the tradition of matrilineal decay: Now anti-intellectual, prejudiced, and blindly religious, Meridian’s mother nonetheless once fought her father’s sexism, her own poverty, and the racist system to become a schoolteacher. The cost: her mother’s life and willing self-sacrifice. As a daughter who becomes a mother and so participates in matrilineage, Meridian’s mother represents the history of black motherhood: a legacy of suffering, endurance, and self-sacrifice. (23). Against this portrait of Mrs. Hill, I present for comparison Faulkner’s Addie Bundren, whose own embodiment of maternal suffering reflects Lacanian structures of meaning that illuminate Meridian’s challenge to the patriarchal order and reclamation of voice. Both Meridian’s mother and the matriarch of the Bundren family belong to the quasi-deceased. While Mrs. Hill finds metaphorical death in motherhood, Addie narrates her sole chapter in Faulkner’s famously polyvocal narrative from beyond the grave. Both women are former school teachers who ultimately feel deceived once persuaded to abandon their teaching posts for marriage. Equal parts unimpressed and violated by their husbands, both women bemoan the false promises of domestic bliss. â€Å"I realized that I had been tricked by words older than Anse or love,† Addie laments, referring to the ancient tradition of the patriarchal order to which she has fallen victim (Faulkner 100). Mrs. Hill, too, blames systems beyond herself in the assertion that â€Å"she could never forgive her community, her family, his family, the whole world, for not warning her against children† (Walker 41). Both women struggle to define and identify with love, and both ultimately end up at lukewarm conclusions; Mrs. Hill settles with a â€Å"toleration for [her husband’s] personal habits that she identified as Love,† while Addie remains skeptical of the concept altogether, mustering only the indifferent claim, â€Å"It was Anse or love, love or Anse, it didn’t matter† (Walker 41, Faulkner 99). Perhaps most significantly, both women feel an intense violation and abstraction with childbirth. Addie remarks that her â€Å"aloneness had been violated† with the birth of her first child, while Mrs. Hill’s first pregnancy finds her â€Å"as divided in her mind as her body was divided, between what part was herself and what part was not† (Faulkner 99, Walker 42). In her analysis of As I Lay Dying, Doreen Fowler identifies another key aspect of Addie’s character, one that surfaces in Mrs. Hill’s character as well: a rejection of language. Addie’s famous, fragmented pronouncement that â€Å"words are no good; that words dont [sic] ever fit even what they are to say at† prefigures her denouncement of each in a series of social constructs— including love, sin, fear, and salvation—as merely â€Å"a word like the others; just a shape to fill a lack† (Faulkner 99). Interpreting this in Lacanian terms, Fowler argues that â€Å"Addie hates language because it is based on separation and difference† (320). In basic Lacanian ideology, as a Fowler outlines, a child enters the realm of the symbolic and acquires language by becoming aware of difference and separating from the mother, reflecting Saussurean structures of language that insist a sign has meaning only in its difference from other signs. If separation from the mother is the key to the symbolic realm, then â€Å"the murder of the mother is constructed as positive step toward establishing identity,† thus providing an explanation of the mother-as-corpse motif prominent in both As I Lay Dying and Meridian (317). However, it is not enough to simply kill the mother. Once the child has achieved this separation from the mother, the child must then â€Å"generate substitutes for her that are permissible within the Law of the Father† (Fowler 320). This production of substitutions is where the previously shared experience of the Lacanian order diverges for sons and daughters. Fowler calls on Nancy Chodorow’s theory of maternity to explain the daughter’s inevitable repetition of her mother’s fate. According to Chodorow, when the child attempts to recreate the initial unity with the mother through replacements, the daughter does so by becoming a mother herself, thus renewing the Lacanian cycle and perpetuating a patriarchal order that in turn demands the new mother’s own death (Fowler 318). Addie hates language because it is made possible by the same patriarchal system that necessitates her death. Parallel to Addie’s rejection of language is Mrs. Hill’ s rejection of creative expression of any kind. Much like the generations of lost artists Walker memorializes in â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens,† Mrs. Hill is aware that â€Å"creativity was in her, but it was refused expression† (Meridian 42). Unlike the silenced foremothers of â€Å"Gardens,† however, Meridian’s mother does not appear to carry any hope of passing her stifled creativity along to the next generation. Rather, her silence is deliberate and in some sense vengeful, â€Å"a war against those to whom she could not express her anger or shout, ‘It’s not fair!’† Finding herself trapped in the living death demanded by the patriarchal order, Meridian’s mother wants to see the same fate inflicted on the next generation. Mrs. Hill vows never to forgive her foremothers for not warning her, and in turn enacts her revenge through silence, refusing to warn the next generation of women. Meridian’s friend, the oft-pregnant Nelda, suspects as much: à ¢â‚¬Å"Nelda knew that the information she had needed to get through her adolescence was information Mrs. Hill could have given her† (Walker 86). A victim of the Lacanian cycle, Mrs. Hill keeps quiet, in her silence willfully allowing the next generation of women to fall victim to the same metaphorical death. In spite of her mother’s influence, however, Meridian successfully refuses motherhood, finally breaking the Lacanian cycle of matricide. In As I Lay Dying, Addie’s revenge by silence comes to fruition, with her pregnant daughter—the teenaged Dewey Dell—failing to procure an abortion and succumbing to her role as the displaced, deceased mother. Meridian, however, suggests a more hopeful future for womanhood. Meridian successfully breaks the Lacanian cycle of martyrdom by refusing motherhood—through adoption, abortion, and finally, castration. In this refusal to privilege maternal suffering or to compromise her identity by allowing her child’s needs to obscure her own, Meridian issues a challenge to the patriarchal order, one she will repeat against the collectivist demands of The Movement. Not unlike her mother, Meridian displays her own complicated relationship with language throughout the novel, preferring silence over blind participation in authorized patriarchal discourse. In her analysis, Pifer parallels Meridian’s successful reconciliation of her political and personal beliefs at the end of the novel with her simultaneous reclamation of voice. Throughout the novel, Meridian flees the erasure of the individual dominant in narratives of motherhood and activism. Aware of the self-destructive powers of collectivism, Meridian repeatedly rejects the authorized discourse of a series of communities, beginning with her childhood church congregation. Meridian’s inability to â€Å"say it now and be saved,† to pronounce empty allegiance to the Christian savior and martyr, resurfaces in her inability to complete the oath promising to kill for The Movement (Walker 16). Rejecting systems that obscure individuality and privilege martyrdom, Meridian pursues a path of independent activism in much the same way as she chooses a single life not submerged in wife or motherhood. She refuses to seek glory as a martyr for any cause, understanding that â€Å"the respect she owed her life was to continue, against whatever obstacles, to live it, and not to give up any particle of it without a fight to the death, preferably not her own† (220). When this understanding leads to the realization that Meridian could in fact kill, it is not for the sake of any blind collectivist doctrine or â€Å"movement,† but rather for her own sake or that of another individual. Pifer’s reading sees Meridian’s transcendence of the â€Å"murderous philosophy of the would-be revolutionary cadre† consummated as she joins her voice in song with the congregation and â€Å"her personal identity becomes part of their collective identity† (88). Meridian’s reclamation of her voice signals an acceptance of language—a reply to her mother’s tight-lipped rejection of creative expression—that breaks with the Lacanian order. In her refusal to have children, Meridian refuses to continue the Lacanian cycle of achieving difference and separation only to submerge it once again in an attempted return to unity through childbirth. In breaking this cycle, Meridian issues a challenge to the patriarchal order. Freed from the obligation to discard her independence and submerge difference—the Lacanian heart of language—in motherhood, Meridian gains full control of her voice. Meridian no longer has to pass the creative spark silently on to the next generation. She does not have to bury her stifled voice in her mother’s garden. Free of the patriarchal order, Meridian finally gives life to the voices of her foremothers. Works Cited Faulkner, William. As I Lay Dying. Edited by Michael Gorra. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2010. Fowler, Doreen. â€Å"Matricide and the Mother’s Revenge: As I Lay Dying.† The Faulkner Journal 4. 12 (1991). Rpt. in As I Lay Dying. Edited by Michael Gorra. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2010. Pifer, Lynn. â€Å"Coming to Voice in Alice Walker’s Meridian: Speaking Out for the Revolution.† African American Review, vol. 26, no.1, 1992, pp. 77-88. JSTOR. Sadoff, Dianne F. â€Å"Black Matrilineage: The Case of Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston.† Signs, vol. 11, no. 1, 1985, pp. 4–26. JSTOR. Walker, Alice. â€Å"In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens.† In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens. New York: Harcourt. Brace Jovanovich, 1983: pp. 231-244. Walker, Alice. Meridian. New York: Harcourt, 2003.

Business assignment 2 Nader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business assignment 2 Nader - Essay Example ution of the firms internal resources between all the aspects, such that the firm is able to gain cost efficiencies as well as competitive edge against its competitors. The 4 step chain of management very comprehensively summarizes the vital tasks that have to be performed by a manager. They are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning is the visionary discussions on how factors have to be distributed, and how a certain project will be finished on time. This is just the pen and paper phase of the management, where the manager is keen on making a plan which is as crisp as possible, and which can be referred to upon as the project moves on. Organizing is the distribution of the resources among the various departments, various teams, various product divisions etc. so that every entity can start working as per the plan that was made in the first stage. (Dale, 1969) Then comes the third stage of leadership, where the manager has to perform the roles of the leader by motivat ing his staff to achieve the plan that was made by organizing the resources allocated to them in the best possible manner. And lastly, is the stage of controlling, where the manager has to ensure that the resources are not being misused, that the tasks and duties being assigned to individuals are being fulfilled, and that the plan is going according to what had been decided upon. This last stage is actually a check and balance stage, which is very important and helps them do any form of corrective actions that might be required. Leadership is the influential power that one holds to motivate, encourage and inspire a team to perform better than they usually would and someone who makes a vision and then continuously communicates it to his subordinates, also vigorously trying to increase the enthusiasm level of individual employees for the attainment of that vision. A leader is someone who is bent upon selling his vision to all his subordinates, so that a collective effort is exerted upon